- Republic – government elected by citizen
- Proletariat – “the mass of poor people” in Roman cities
- Plebeian – Roman lower classes
- Civil war – war between rival groups of the same country
- Veto – a rejection of a proposed law.
- gravitas – “seriousness” of Roman character
- Patrician – Roman upper class and wealthy people
- Triumvirate – group of three powerful men in Rome
- Monarchy – rule by king or queen
- Senate – governing body of Rome
- mercenary – a ‘hired’ soldier, usually hired from another country
- Tribune – elected leader of Rome’s lower classes
- Legion – the Roman army
- Consul – elected for one year terms by Senators to govern the Republic
- Dictator – elected by Senate in times of crisis. Given absolute authority
- Gladiator – slave trained to fight to the death for Roman entertainment
- Civil service – handles the day to day running of a government.
- Stoicism – encouraged strength, duty, and loyalty. Main philosophy of Romans.
- Apostle – follower of Jesus of Nazareth
- Bishop – official appointed to run a geographical area of the Catholic Church
- Policy – rules set up by government or an organization.
- Succession – rules for determining who becomes ruler when one ruler dies.
- Satire – plays that poked fun of Roman politicians and celebrities.
- Messiah – a ‘savior’. Jesus of Nazareth was an example.
- Pope – head of the Roman Catholic Church
- Aqueduct – invention of the Romans to control water flow into the cities.
- Epicureanism – philosophy of Romans that emphasized pleasure over pain.
- Villa – Wealthy Roman estate in the country side.
- Martyr – person who dies for a cause or religion.
From a Georgia Virtual Learning pdf